Trade restrictions as facilitating practices

Vertical Practices Facilitating Exclusion∗

Resale price maintenance (RPM), slotting fees, loyalty rebates and other related vertical practices can allow an incumbent manufacturer to transfer pro ts to retailers. If these retailers were to accommodate entry, upstream competition could lead to lower industry pro ts and the breakdown of these pro t transfers. Thus, in equilibrium, retailers can internalize the e ect of accommodating entry ...

A Comparison of Facilitating Practices

Producers in a perfectly competitive industry compete to obtain shelf space at the retail level. Barring contract observability problems, slotting allowances are observed in equilibrium. Producers charge a high wholesale price, but give back their profits via up-front payments to retailers. However, if the individual supplier retailer wholesale price terms are unobservable by competitors, then ...

Not All Trade Restrictions are Created Equally ∗

There has been great focus in the recent trade theory literature on the introduction of firm heterogeneity into trade models. This introduction has highlighted the importance of the entry/exit decision of firms in response to changes in trade barriers. However, it is typical in many of these models to use iceberg transport costs as a general form of trade barriers that can be interchangeable wi...

A one-model approach for Computation of congestion With productions trade-offs and weight restrictions

the role of organizational culture in facilitating knowledge management practices

in the knowledge-based era, knowledge is the distinctiveresource of organizations and knowledge management (km) isconsidered as the primary task of organizations that strives to utilize theirintellectual capitals effectively. hence it is vital to understand carefullythe appropriate contexts and enablers of knowledge management.organizational culture is among the most influential factors affecti...